Anal Fistula: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

Anal fistula is an abnormal tunnel that develops between the anal canal and the skin. It often occurs after an abscess forms and drains, leaving a tract behind. Without treatment, symptoms such as pain, discharge and recurrent infections can significantly impact daily life.

Causes

The most common cause is infection of the anal glands leading to abscess formation. Less commonly, Crohn’s disease, trauma, previous surgeries and immune disorders may contribute.

Symptoms

• Persistent pain around the anus

• Opening on the skin

• Discharge or foul-smelling fluid

• Redness, irritation

• Pain while sitting

• Occasional fever or fatigue

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is mainly clinical. MRI may be required for deeper or complex fistulas to determine tract direction and branches.

Treatment

Anal fistulas do not heal on their own. Treatment aims to close the fistula while protecting sphincter muscles.

Treatment options include:

• Fistulotomy

• Seton placement

• LIFT procedure

• Fistula plug or fibrin glue

• Laser fistula treatment

After Surgery

Most patients return to daily activities within a few days. Hygiene and follow-up appointments are important for recovery.